ARTICLE ANALYSIS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ARTICLE ANALYSIS - Assignment Example The article addresses concern of robust job growth. Through macroeconomic analysis lowest unemployment rate witnessed in the US since June 2008 can be attributed to a rapidly improving economy. The concerns of the article are relevant and practical since we would expect changes within the economy. Unemployment is for a fact a negative phenomenon in societal setup as it adversely affect in different directions or dimensions. Unless the Fed act and counter checks its macroeconomic policies, little to no impact can be felt in the economy and in worker’s paychecks thus harming the prices. The effects of unemployment are verified through their presence and thus. Unemployment can be considered a multi-dimensional phenomenon and one would expect that when it is lowered workers should begin to enjoy the fruits. This is because it is a social growth affected by population expansion with a phenomenon since it effects the social structure shape and pattern. These attributes are directly correlated to price stability within the economy. So as the article suggests, the Fed should be possibly persuaded to move sooner rather than later to increase rates to lessen future inflation or the risk of speculative bubbles. They don’t need to wait for wage growth to increase to raise the rates, they can act speedily to save the economy and ensure price stability and sustainable economic growth. Thus the article is very important in addressing these critical aspects that affects the US economy. In a broader context, the reading relates to my career goals in many ways. More specifically, the goal of understanding sustainability of economic growth and price stability. My career goal is working as a consultant and offering advisory roles pertaining to economic growth and unemployment. The article is very relevant in such pursuit. Through critical analysis, the article can be faulted in a way. The article

John Proctor - The Crucible Essay Example for Free

John Proctor The Crucible Essay Supporting this claim further are several lines from Miller’s pre-introductory notes; â€Å"His [Putnam’s] vindictive nature was demonstrated long before witchcraft began. † Not only does this reinforce our trust within the character of John Proctor, it always creates a likeness within him in the mind of the audience. Miller strives to achieve this more-so through Proctor’s defense of his absent wife to Abigail who aims to smite her; â€Å"You’ll speak nothin’ of Elizabeth! † This is due to the fact loyalty is an undisputable likeable trait. The moment our emotions towards John Proctor are challenged lay upon his treating of his housemaid upon the warrant of his wife to be arrested. Proctor handles her violently, though it is somewhat partially excused due to its honest aim: to free his wife. Thus, the challenging of our sympathetic yet simultaneously self-righteous attitude to Proctor, only succeeds in strengthening it, through the apparent pardoning of his actions for their good intentions. It becomes apparent the good moral of John Proctor, within his decision to risk the definite pardon of his wife in order to aim to release his fellow innocent towns folk during the court scene of the play; â€Å"I – I think I cannot. † Ironically, this portrays Proctor as one of the only Puritan’s of the play, as he strives to surpass his own greed, in strive to clear his conscience and do what is best for the village. His true Puritan values are also apparent earlier in the play when he suggests his uttermost disgust at Reverend Parris’ indulgence of â€Å"golden candlesticks. † Likewise, Proctors morality influences his decision to inform the court of his lechery with Abigail Williams. For this reason, Proctor rises even further in our levels of admiration. â€Å"I have known her, sir I have known her. † This line signifies Proctors fulfillment of complete morality, as he confesses his sins in hope to release innocent victims. Proctor becomes somewhat heroic at this point, as lechery is a highly punishable crime at these times. The final bout in which Proctor reaches our highest admiration comes at the end of the play, when he decides he would rather face hanging, than lying in the face of God. This selfless deed is what separates Proctor from the rest of the townspeople. His morality proves unrivalled, after several hints at its strength earlier in the play, such as his earlier converses with his wife upon his affair with Abigail, in which he becomes irritable at his wives judgment, despite her making almost no mention of it. This hints that Proctor has simply not forgiven himself for this deed, and rather than face the fact would rather put its blame upon someone else. Despite this, his character becomes arguably a martyr towards the deformation and destruction of the witch trials, as they seemingly dissolve after his death proves example to many others. Perhaps Miller may be comparing himself to the admirable character of Proctor. Through their both almost unjustified prejudice, Proctor for his lack of faith in the Puritan system, and Miller for his satirical outlook on capitalism. For this reason, perhaps Miller is justifying his actions to not confide the American Federal government at a later date, throughout his comparison of it to something quite revolutionary (the desolation of persecution. )

Physician assisted suicide :: essays research papers

The Effects of Assisted Suicide Legalization   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While slowly experiencing an eventual death, the pain of a life-threatening disease is unbearable. The constant anguish of a helpless cancer patient, Richard, is driving away all sanity. As he lies there on the hospital bed near his family, Richard finally makes a grave decision. He decides to call upon a physician to end his pain. The doctor would give him medication which would lead to an inevitable death. As he knows he is going to die within a few weeks anyway, Richard questions the doctor about the medication. â€Å"Just give me the word, and I will hand it over to you,† the doctor says. â€Å"Let me add, however, that even though it may be an option, do you think it is morally right?† The doctor is obviously an honest, noble man who gives all of his patients his sincere opinion. That, in most cases, is not common in a doctor’s character. Richard is left with those words from the doctor and given time to talk about the situation with his family. After a long discussion, they realize that life is a privilege and should not be taken by choice, no matter how intense the pain is. Weeks later, at Richard’s funeral, the family feels proud of him for enduring the agonizing experience and to die naturally. The choice of physician assisted suicide may be an irrelevant issue to some, but when it comes to terminally ill patients, it is definitely an observable option. These people must realize that taking a life, whether someone else’s or their own, is dishonorable. Assisted suicide should be against the law in all states because it would have an affect on medical procedures, persuade doctors to make the wrong decisions, and change the morality of people around the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The people of this country are partially represented by the United States Supreme Court. In fact, the United States Supreme Court is going to become the final judge of this important issue because two United States Court of Appeals decisions have recently ruled laws forbidding physician-assisted suicide unconstitutional (Court 1). There is no doubt that the effect of the speculations by the highest court in this country on physician-assisted suicide will be as important as anyone has witnessed in a long while. Physician-assisted suicide is one of the most controversial medical issues there is. Although a recent poll shows that 64 to 73 percent of Americans believe doctors should be admitted to end the lives of terminally ill patients under their permission, Americans may not realize what could actually happen if

Managing and developing people Essay

Introduction In this part of my coursework, I will be explaining a group activity or teal working in our business which is the high school musical stalls which is all about selling merchandise product. In this team I’m the one participating of this team and I hope that I will work correctly my responsibility in my team. In our group activity in our team will be working on team structure which is defining our duties and responsibility inside the business and the leadership style will also be discussed – means that what types of leadership style we used to managing our people at work. Also I must evaluate the team theorist which is applicable in our team and discussing the other factors that affect the performance level of team work means what kind of skills or qualities of our team members inside the business. On the group activity with my team, we are working on the type of planning, technique and preparation of our merchandise business. Our business will be selling High School Musical merchandise inside from the College of Archbishop where they have a high school musical concert. Our business will provide and selling different kinds of High school musical merchandise items and we selling sweet food as well. In our preparation we arrange the tables within two parts so that when the peoples coming, they see our selling products. Team Working About the team working – it is important to consider my own job in team in the business. Team working for me is to encourage my other team workers to create good communicate each other so that can lead a wide range of good team working as a group which can lead to high motivated. The Diagram below shows our team structure in our business, which also belbin team working role: In this structure of our team, its shows that our team have a different duties and responsibilities to run a business, including making objectives with the business. Our team leader which Sean helps us to improved our decision and giving guidelines on making aims and objectives inside from the business. In my idea, I will decide to working in Resources investigator for the chosen role within the business which is High School musical Product – which is all about responsible for all resources within the business. As the Resources investigator, I will ensuring as a team a good communication with my other team workers in the business, gives a team a rush of enthusiasm at the start of the project within the business. In my role as a Resources Investigator – I will be probably the most immediately likeable members of the team. My job is to keep good at communicating with people both inside and outside the company. This job is natural negotiators and adept at exploring new opportunities and developing contacts. As the role of the team, I will be bringing new ideas, information and development as a team. This may be physical, financial or human resources, political support, information or ideas. Being highly driven to make connections with people, the Resource Investigator may appear to be flighty and inconstant, but their ability to call on their connections is highly useful to the team. My team had the role of being the coordinator (which is Sean) – His Function is coordinator as a team which is organiser and good communication. The Sharper (Sean role) – which is taking charge in all staff performance like their absences etc, On our HSM stall team group, we decided to take Sean as a Manager price because we know that he can handle on organising the prices of the product we sell. The plant (Claudia Role) – which the innovator of the group and planning the different ideas, suggestion and proposal on how to success the business we made. Also Claudia working as a budgeting of the business which handling all profit making in the business and buying all stock to sell. The monitor evaluator (Thom role) – which is to analysing all idea and plan within the business, also they must step into makes a contribution before the final decisions are made from the other team in the business. Thom also organising selling our product in different location or area, at this task Thom must make sure that the place for selling to the customer is being appropriate and where more customers coming in that area. The implementer (Kevin Role) – which provides a good organiser and administrator with planning and scheduling the entire task needed in the business. The team worker (Drew Role) – which supporting and encourage from the team, his job is also the problem solver within the group. The completer (Kyle Role) – His job is to ensure the group meets its targets, both terms on time and quality. Also Kyle must usually checking all the details about the task doing on time, to ensure if there is something wrong with the task, it can be prevent quickly. The specialist (Claudia Role) – the last role of the team where must have knowledge and skills of the required the entire task needed to the business. We figured out which roles we both fit into once we had started working together as a team in the business. Here on, we fell into our roles automatically and took it further from there. We found it easier that splitting up our roles shared out the responsibility. My team group both still be working on the same task but we would take different parts of the task as our skills would be different. We found that this gave the best output as the best of our skills were put to use. The benefits of making own task and responsibilities as a team for the business is where I getting experience on how to deal with the customers, its likely when I was selling HSM folders for our product which is quite hard to sell because its expensive and the product is quite not popular to the people – means poor varieties and people don’t like it, however I have experience and idea on how to improve on selling product the customers. This means that I identify the different methods and strategies to improved selling from the customers; it’s like giving more information about the product, proving good pricing strategies and other types of customer services. These can be increasing our range of product selling to the customers because we will provide a very good strategy of customer satisfaction. Each team will have its own unique limitations, based on the skills and characteristics of the team members, resource and time constraints, and length of time together. In my contribution as a team, it will face limitations resulting from common factors, such as the human tendencies that can be results of absence of trust, fear of conflict, lack of commitment, avoidance of accountability, and inattention to the team which can be lead not supporting with others which can be poor range of productivity and can be risky for our organisation. So that I must aware that I will ensure that I understand what my common goal in the business we made, attending and helping any kind of work, and helping on the member of the team to avoid and problems coming in our business. The hardest part of working with my team is where I will provide a high performance level to recognise out team as a first place. It can challenge for me to increase our productivity and quality in the business. So that in members of the team must contribute different skills and express the individual interest and opinions to achieve the common goal in the business. However there is also limitation for me to working as a team within the business. For my own limitation in the team, I think I’m very shy to talk for the team on what information I need to talk about which can be lead a poor communication each other and I did not sharing my other information within the team which also cause of unprepared and misleading work. In this case, as a team member of this business, I need to share my knowledge to my group and talk what other information I know to create a good impact of motivation and creating good communication with my team. Also as a member of the team, I showing that I hard working and doing my role correctly so that they can trust on me as a resources investigator in the business. For me working on the team must always share and corporate with each other to planning and organising work. The benefits of good team working in the our business is team working is efficient, means that our team gets the work done faster because of our desire to improved the customer satisfaction in our product and increasing our profit and growth in the business. Its like when have a large task, it can be broken down and getting into the smaller task which is easier for my team to work. Another benefit of team working in the business is that have a unique skills which can be combined and used to benefits within the business to making better product which can lead increasing the creativity in our team inside from the business. This can be done if our team have a desire to improve the customer services and high growth in the business. In the relationship within the team is like important to our business as well because they can help people communicate better with one another, and friendships contribute to the job satisfaction. In that case our team will be comfortable relying each other and individual can be developing their own skills which can be future success in the business. We are more motivated working as a team because we felt that there is a loyalty and respect means that we tried our best to improved the future growth for our business is the future. The last thing is we also benefits for being to able to learn a new skills from each other which means that we sharing skills and qualities each other for making successful business growth in the business. The limitation of our company is like if one of our member of the team didn’t corporate or sharing information on running a business, Its possible that our business going down and going to saturation and decline stage because people inside from the business haven’t don’t care on cooperating and running a business, Or even if one members of the team have a mistake for making a decision within the business, it can be lead a poor quality product and services or misleading. Another limitation for our company is the merchandise product we sell has not well enough profit because of the bad quality to the eye of customers and selling a very high price each product which leads a poor profit within the business. Its is because we have not using a pricing strategies in the business, my team has responsibility to talk each other and comment what pricing strategies we using so that people encouraging to buy our merchandise product. But opportunely in the second day and third day selling a merchandise product to the customers is gaining a profit and the level of the product we selling to our customers is high which means that people like our services and the amount of prices we sell from them. And the last limitation for our company is we buy many stocks for our merchandise product which did not consume a higher profit that we expect to be. But hopefully we have our money back that we spent for all our stock in the business which is kind of successful in the team. Leadership Style There are numbers of different style of leadership that can used when organising and motivating peoples inside from the business. There are many types of leadership that can be found in the organisation which can be big impact to the employee or employees in the business. It can be affect the morale, and affecting in their work. Obviously, any businesses want to get the best performance on the workplace. The effective leadership must have a good knowledge on how maintaining the good performance people in the business. These can be lead to make greater good performance level, high motivated and good environmental and happy working in the organisation. However, bad leadership in the company while be occur that can lead staff laziness, absenteeism, misconduct and it could be one of the future risk in the business. One of this is Dictator/Autocratic are leaders that tell their teams on what kind of job they do rather than just asking what kind of role they like, in this kind of style is that decisions can be lead very quickly and no wasting time for discussing for the business. This leadership is strict to their employees or workers. However, this will discipline the workers and that could lead to a high production. Employees working on an Autocratic leadership I think are not motivated as much as democratic, because being strict on your employees will not motivate them, instead they will have bad feelings towards on the boss. Democratic leadership means a leader allows all employees to work and taking responsibility within the business, and making their own decisions within their framework. I think that democratic style of leadership has a good effect especially for the employees. They will feel motivated because their leaders have trust on them and this will encourage their employees to make decisions. This is employees or workers are motivated because they felt that they are important in the company. In other words, more efficient is done, and people tend to have a little more respect to each other since everyone seems to be equal. Employees or workers might get slightly less work and more productive and proactive. However Businesses can’t afford any mistakes from the decision making process and not all members giving their ideas to use. Laissez Fair means leaders who just giving work and responsibilities to take task, deadlines and allowing them to complete the task. Also they feel that they empowered employees allowed to work they own. The benefits of this style are the team getting more creative and bring more ideas within the business. However there is a problem that the leaders from the business did not like the employees produce the production or the services which can be poor production, and poor communication in the business. Sean which is the team leader of our team used a democratic leadership style which providing organising, and monitoring the team to our merchandise business. Sean make decision for all members of the team on what members doing, technique on what type of what type of pricing strategies we going to used to sell our product and what kind of presentation we going to used to impress our customers to buy. But our leader giving framework of what type of merchandised we had to provide to sell and when we had to sell it. Sean making this type of leadership style its because we were able to make our team decision each other and deciding on what duties and responsibility we going to decided when the events is going to start. A leadership is also can be a proactive and reactive leaders; proactive leadership – leaders are responsibility on business prediction on what might happen in the daily bases or in the future, also they work with the member of the staff to determine potential problems and opportunities. On the other hand reactive leadership is where leaders are one that just deals with the situations as they arise. They are not innovative, preferring to follow the example of the other managers. So for leader of our business, Sean was a reactive leader because he did not predict what might be happen if our business is going to expand, but Sean demonstrates the pricing technique to sell our product to make more customers, also Sean planning how to do them before the day of our selling merchandise. This kind of work we doing in the team is allowed to not waste time before the selling day and some things might be wrong, but we must have time to ready and prepared for the day that we sell to make sure that no future risk are happen with us. Team Theorists Belbin Dr Meredith Belbin is a British researcher and management theorist, best known for his work on management teams for nine years from his team which is based in Henley Management College in UK. Belbin study on how to create a successful team working with 9 different types of behaviors which is known as â€Å"team roles† – â€Å"wikipedia.com†. Also he is best known for his team-role theory enabling better understanding of the roles played by team members and how team interactions can be adjusted to increase team effectiveness. Belbin identified that sometimes people have their own strength and weaknesses to each roles. The basic premise of the Belbin team roles theory is quite simple. When individuals become aware of their own strengths and abilities, and understand the role that he or she is capable of playing within a team, it helps them to deal better with the demands of the team environment. â€Å"http://www.teambuildingportal.com/articles/systems/belbin-team-roles† Belbin theory is divided into 3 roles which are Action Oriented Role – include shaper, implementer, completer/fisher. People skills Oriented Roles – the coordinator, team worker and resources investigator. Cerebral/Intellectual Role – Planter, Monitor/Evaluator and specialist. I draw the table and it shows each Belbin team role’s what the strength and weaknesses each roles: Team Role Strengths Weaknesses Shaper Improving the team working (Motivated), can handle work pressures and has the courage to overcome obstacles. Argumentative, and those they may offend people’s feelings. Implementer Conservative, disciplined people who work systematically, efficiently and are very well organised. Implementers may be inflexible and somewhat resistant to change. Completer Finisher The completer/finisher’s strength lies in meticulousness, attention to detail and the ability to meet deadlines. However, a Completer-Finisher may worry unnecessarily and find it hard to delegate. Coordinator They are often excellent listeners and they are naturally able to recognise the value that each team members brings to the table. They are calm and good-natured and delegate tasks very effectively. Their potential weaknesses are that they may delegate away too much personal responsibility, and may tend to be manipulative. Team worker Good listener, being collaborative, co-operative, easy going and tactful. Their weaknesses may be a tendency to be indecisive, and maintain uncommitted positions during discussions and decision-making. Resources Investigator Develop contacts, communicate well, explore new ideas and opportunities, and bring enthusiasm and drive to the team effort. On the downside, they may lose enthusiasm quickly, and are often overly optimistic. Plant Problem solver, Original and making new ideas and creative Poor communicators and can tend to ignore given parameters and constraints. Monitor Evaluator Good judgment, good strategic thinking ability and very strategic Poor motivators who react to events rather than instigating them Specialist Provide knowledge and skills who can contribute information and knowledge in a team situation. Limitation for their contribution I think the strength and weaknesses to our team is based when we work together for out business. Its like when one member want to change a job, obviously they do not want that roles but I think our sharper in the team which is Sean is they provide a good motivator for our team which can be driven to complete our task with no complaining happen. I was the resources investigator of our team which bringing new ideas and opportunities for my team. The implementer who is my brother Kevin was able to discipline with us during our work and being able to help new ideas as well to complete the work. Kyle is the completer for our time which making sure that all work must be done on time. The coordinator and specialist which is role of Sean and Claudia which means coordinating and organising our team and specialist which teaching us what we do next session. The team worker and monitor evaluator role of drew and Thom is where help us to communicate clearly and the last one is Claudia role which is plant which she bringing new ideas and one of our problem solver making in our team. For our team I see that all Belbin’s team working responsibilities are covered and hopefully that we successful our team in future making. If there is any problem with our team, we make sure that we solved the problem immediately.

Study On Curriculum Project-Probability

My involvement in this subject comes from slightly uncultivated beginnings, as my friends were really good in card games and reasonably adept at chancing ( merely amongst friends of class, and purely no money changed handsaˆÂ ¦ ) . They were ever able to quite rapidly measure whether their opportunities of winning was appropriately big or non, and I ever used to inquire how they make these determinations. I learnt more about chance in the school than college, therefore enabling myself to larn more theoretically, but did n't larn to use in existent life. As Maier suggests that, persons fail to use school learned processs because they are non encouraged to associate school experiences to life outside school. â€Å" School kids recognise that school mathematics is non a portion of the universe outside school, the universe most of import to most people † . By larning Probability it helps pupil to do sense of the existent universe in state of affairss affecting hazard, opportu nity and uncertainness, therefore it is one of my preferable subject to research and Teach. In today ‘s universe it is non difficult to believe that life around us is surrounded by games of opportunity and one have to be educated to foretell the opportunity of winning and possibility of assorted results. â€Å" Learning approximately mathematical construct precedes the ability to use these constructs † . Peoples who lack an accurate sense of chance are easy drawn in by false claims and pseudosciences are vulnerable to acquire rich-quick strategy. Peoples expose themselves to dangers of taking hazard at some point of their life, but they need to be able to gauge the chance of success in order to measure whether the hazard is reasonable. Therefore apprehension of Probability theory enables us to believe about these determinations and besides assist us to take control of them. The national lottery is a perfect illustration of usage of chance for gauging their success and leting people to believe that they would win one twenty-four hours. In professional life, more people use statistics and chance than any other subdivision of mathematics. Insurance company and Banks ( impart money ) have concern program that is wholly based on their apprehension of statistical chances, measuring that their hazard degree is really low.â€Å" Probability is outlook founded upon partial cognition. A perfect familiarity with all the fortunes impacting the happening of an event would alter outlook into certainty, and leave neither room nor demand for a theory of chances. †Today in this multi cultural society, subject such as chance need to be approached and addressed with attention and consideration as these subjects have links to many ethical and philosophical issues. Gambling as an facet of subject itself is still forbidden for much people. In add-on to this treatment of chance as a opportunity of results comes straight in to struggles with most faiths and doctrines, which lecture to determinism and destiny. Therefore there is still a considerable argume nt as to whether chance should be taught and hence the ways in which it is taught has to be discussed sanely. Finally, the farther motive for learning chance In this consumer-lead society, is of import to develop people who are cognizant of the factors environing decision-making and will non be excessively easy swayed by efforts to carry them to portion with their hard-earned money. The construct of an informed consumer is important to the instruction of chance as we can assist model people who will non be taken advantage of excessively easy. One position of chance is that it addresses â€Å" ratings of state of affairss which are built-in in the topic ‘s head † ( Borovcnik et al, 1991 ) and this has clear intensions for all of us in our mundane lives.â€Å" The kernel of chance prevarications in measurement and covering with uncertainness. An apprehension of this cardinal point can merely come about by ab initio being involved in doing opinions, whilst at the same clip paying attending to the beginnings of uncertainness in determination devising. †( Peter Gates, 1989 ) Consequently, in fixing to learn chance, I had to research ways of speaking about uncertainness. Normally statements affecting uncertainness are based on past experience and, as such, can frequently be subjective. These words and phrases may be called the linguistic communication forms of uncertainness or so chance. In learning chance to this category I hoped to set a clear accent on practical numeracy which I feel is peculiarly of import for their advancement in life. I would besides wish to stress the connexions between subdivisions of mathematics within the National Curriculum. As chance has strong links exist with AT2 Number, a class could help the pupils ‘ apprehension of fractions, decimals and topographic point value. Understanding and utilizing relationships between Numberss and developing methods of calculation could besides be enhanced by techniques developed for the computation of chances. Turning back to the thought of how these thoughts should be taught, there is a considerable sum of experiment and probe included in the texts, and this is ever followed up with theoretical work of a similar nature. This brings me back to Crawford ‘s paper on a peculiar strategy of work where he highlights the debatable facet of experiments ; they cause exhilaration. As he puts it ;â€Å" There was a great trade of activity and evident enjoyment but small grounds of idea aˆÂ ¦ † .An Probe of the Law of Thought Probability is outlook founded upon partial cognition. A perfect familiarity with all the fortunes impacting the happening of an event would alter outlook into certainty, and leave neither room nor demand for a theory of chances. So, we need lessons which encourage engagement and thought without directing students into a probability-fuelled craze. I feel that the Key Maths books make a pretty just pang at this, and from my observation they work good when non the exclusive resource. Due to the nature of the subject, a balance needs to be struck between theory and pattern, and this can be achieved in portion through treatment and analysis of games. Games are frequently used because, as noted in the NCETM ;â€Å" Psychologically and socially, games are easy separated from real-life activity, so they provide a impersonal, nonthreatening context in which equity can be examined † .Again I should advert the fact that we must see the issue of equal chances with respects to games. Different civilizations have produced different games, and the usage of a game unknown to some students in a category can be both debatable and honoring. If cognition of a game is assumed, students unfamiliar with it will experience a nomic. Conversely, an unfamiliar game, if right explained and modelled, can open up new countries of cultural involvement for students. Clearly, consciousness of the issues within a category and school are important here, and it is with merely such affairs in head that Shan & A ; Bailey ( 1991 ) have devised chance activities which straight address cultural and cultural issues to guarantee there is no over-emphasis on Western point of views. To further develop my capable cognition in Probability, I have chosen to carry on the course of study undertaking with twelvemonth 9 ; in-between ability group ( put 5 ) pupils. The Key Stage 3 SATs consequence showed that all of these pupils were able to accomplish Level 5 with the exclusion of few who achieved a Level 4. This twelvemonth 9 category had four 50 proceedingss continuance mathematics lessons per hebdomad, and I had duty for two of these lessons. Initially I was patronised working with this category because, this set was more ambitious in both behavior and acquisition. Most of the students from this category would be taking their GCSE -Foundation Level. The School ‘s records indicated that 62.2 % of the campaigners who took GCSE achieved A* to C classs. The math Teacher Mr X was caput of math and his lesson is ever functional and good controlled, and I was certain that I will non have the same regard from the students. Before Christmas interrupt my learning experience with this category was centred chiefly on issues of subject. Most of the students larning were often disrupted by inappropriate schoolroom behavior and absenteeism. They were besides really hard to promote and actuate. Positive methods of subject, detainment and usage of the School ‘s behavior policy and referral system bit by bit improved my relationship with the category and besides made them to understand that I would ever maintain up to my word. This success strengthened my finding to better the acquisition environment and present a sense of mathematical accomplishment within this category. The Government, through the National Curriculum, has expressed their belief that chance is of great importance within the topic of mathematics. Understanding and utilizing chance appears in Key Stage 2 and characteristics strongly thenceforth. Most of the School offer statistics at GCSE degree and this tendency reflects the importance of statistics to modern consumers in a society where the ability to do determinations, interpret informations and communicate information is critical. I planned to include this model within my learning methodological analysis with careful planning. I intended to sharpen my accomplishments peculiarly in relation to puting prep, taging and work with single students error and misconception. As Boaler high spots â€Å" advanced ways instructors engage their pupils in acquisition and travel math from a ‘drill and kill ‘ experience to one where pupils become mathematicians, non merely rote memorisers â€Å" Therefore in add-on to this model, I intended to learn the usage of experimental activities with chance in lessons ; Bright and Hoeffner, 1993 provinces â€Å" Solutions to chance jobs frequently seen counter intuitive even for instructors † . I, hence, saw experimental activities playing an of import function in associating the theoretical and empirical attacks to chance.Each of the students in my category had been issued with both a New National Framework Text Book and prep Book. I intended to utilize them as resources supplementing them with worksheets and other instruction resources drawn from cyberspace.

beauty and the beast gender roles essays

beauty and the beast gender roles essays Beauty and the Beast is a wonderful childrens movie, its directed by: Gary Trousdale, and Kirk Wise, and produced by: Don Hahn. Disney is the main sponsor and gives the movie the best cast of artist and musicians. Who would except anything else from Disney, they are the best at childrens films. At the same time, Disney succeeds in teaching our children a very vital lesson in life, how good looks and fame is not the key to true love. Which is created throughout the movie of Beauty and the Beast released in 1991 with the most sincere reviews and touching style. Consequently, the movie exploits a great deal of feminism and chauvinistic ways unexcitable to this day and ages of the nineties. Marian Belle is the main character, she lives with her father who is considered by the town a loony man therefore, Belle is also looked upon the town as being a little out of the ordinary. Even so, she is the most beautiful girl in the town, her name means beauty and it is shown with her wonderful appearance throughout the duration of the movie. Gaston a very courageous and dignified worrier, who is in love with Belle and wishes to marry her. Moreover every women and man in the town look up to him and would do anything for him. Nonetheless, Belle sees right through his beauty and recognizes him as a mean and conceded fool who does not know how to love. Meanwhile there is a prince in a near by castle who wakes up to a widow knocking on his door. When he answers she offers him a rose for shelter out of the cold. When he consistently said no the widow turned into a prices. He tried to apologize but it was too late. The curse of the flower turned him into a beast. Consequently, the curs e can not be broken until he finds a woman to love him from within instead of just his outside appearance. Little does the audience know that feminism is displayed throughout the entire movie, for example Belle is walking through town one day and I noticed v...

How I Met Your Husband Essay Example

How I Met Your Husband Essay Example How I Met Your Husband Paper How I Met Your Husband Paper At a young age, women have a tendency to be naive and innocent. With that, the two factors create a vulnerable persona in a girl, and it compels a person to feel sympathy towards them. How I Met My Husband consists of a protagonist, Edie, who is also naive and innocent as well as humble and simple. These traits convince me to believe her to be a sympathetic character in the story. As a young, naive, gullible girl, I feel nothing short of pity for Edie. Her status as the hired girl influences the way I react to her as a reader also. When Edie meets Chris Waters, she becomes embarrassed and bashful once she reveals her true status, and all she wishes is for him to leave her alone. Since Edie is inexperienced with men, she does not know how to act properly in front of them. The fact that she does not know any better compels me to sympathize for her. I was feeling more sympathy for her when she allows herself to believe she had been more than Just another woman to Chris. Then, she is waiting days, which lead into months, before coming to the realization that no letter was ever going to come (peg 146). Any person can recall what it had been like to be wide-eyed when they had been younger. It can sometimes be amusing when you realize how naive you were. Sometimes, like Edie, it can be harsh to come to the realization of how naive our actions are. But we sympathize with ourselves and for others because of it.

Biography of Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese Explorer

Biography of Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese Explorer Ferdinand Magellan (February 3, 1480–April 27, 1521), a Portuguese explorer, set sail in September 1519 with a fleet of five Spanish ships in an attempt to find the Spice Islands by heading west. Although Magellan died during the journey, he is credited with the first circumnavigation of the Earth. Fast Facts: Ferdinand Magellan Known For: Portuguese explorer credited with circumnavigating the EarthAlso Known As: Fernando de MagallanesBorn: February 3, 1480 in Sabrosa,  PortugalParents: Magalhaes and Alda de Mesquita (m. 1517–1521)Died: April 27, 1521 in the Kingdom of  Mactan (now  Lapu-Lapu City,  Philippines)Awards and Honors: The Order of Magellan was established in 1902 to honor those who have circumnavigated the Earth.Spouse: Marà ­a Caldera Beatriz BarbosaChildren: Rodrigo de Magalhes, Carlos de MagalhesNotable Quote: â€Å"The church says the earth is flat; but I have seen its shadow on the moon, and I have more confidence even in a shadow than in the church.† Early Years and Voyages Ferdinand Magellan was born in 1480 in Sabrosa, Portugal, to Rui de Magalhaes and Alda de Mesquita. Because his family had ties to the royal family, Magellan became a page to the Portuguese queen after his parents untimely deaths in 1490. This position as a page allowed Magellan the opportunity to become educated and learn about the various Portuguese exploration expeditions- possibly even those conducted by Christopher Columbus. Magellan took part in his first sea voyage in 1505 when Portugal sent him to India to help install Francisco de Almeida as the Portuguese viceroy. He also experienced his first battle there in 1509 when one of the local kings rejected the practice of paying tribute to the new viceroy. From here, however, Magellan lost the viceroy Almeidas support after he took leave without permission and was accused of illegally trading with the Moors. After some of the accusations were proven to be true, Magellan lost all offers of employment from the Portuguese after 1514. The Spanish and the Spice Islands Around this same time, the Spanish were engaged in trying to find a new route to the Spice Islands (the East Indies, in present-day Indonesia) after the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the world in half in 1494. The dividing line for this treaty went through the Atlantic Ocean and Spain got the lands west of the line, including the Americas. Brazil, however, went to Portugal as did everything east of the line, including India and the eastern half of Africa. Similar to his predecessor Columbus, Magellan believed that the Spice Islands could be reached by sailing west through the New World. He proposed this idea to Manuel I, the Portuguese king, but was rejected. Looking for support, Magellan moved on to share his plan with the Spanish king. On March 22, 1518, Charles I was persuaded by Magellan and granted him a large sum of money to find a route to the Spice Islands by sailing west, thereby giving Spain control of the area, since it would in effect be west of the dividing line through the Atlantic. Using these generous funds, Magellan set sail going west toward the Spice Islands in September 1519 with five ships (the Conception, the San Antonio, the Santiago, the Trinidad, and the Victoria) and 270 men. The Early Portion of the Voyage Since Magellan was a Portuguese explorer in charge of a Spanish fleet, the early part of the voyage to the west was riddled with problems. Several of the Spanish captains on the ships in the expedition plotted to kill him, but none of their plans succeeded. Many of these mutineers were held prisoner and/or executed. In addition, Magellan had to avoid Portuguese territory since he was sailing for Spain. After months of sailing across the Atlantic Ocean, the fleet anchored at what is today Rio de Janeiro to restock its supplies on December 13, 1519. From there, they moved down the coast of South America looking for a way into the Pacific. As they sailed farther south, however, the weather got worse, so the crew anchored in Patagonia (southern South America) to wait out the winter. As the weather began to ease in the spring, Magellan sent the Santiago on a mission to look for a way through to the Pacific Ocean. In May, the ship was wrecked and the fleet did not move again until August 1520. Then, after months of exploring the area, the remaining four ships found a strait in October and sailed through it. This portion of the journey took 38 days, cost them the San Antonio (because its crew decided to abandon the expedition) and a large amount of supplies. Nevertheless, at the end of November, the remaining three ships exited what Magellan named the Strait of All Saints and sailed into the Pacific Ocean. Later Voyage and Death From here, Magellan mistakenly thought it would only take a few days to reach the Spice Islands, when it instead took four months, during which time his crew suffered immensely. They began to starve as their food supplies were depleted, their water turned putrid, and many of the men developed scurvy. The crew was able to stop at a nearby island in January 1521 to eat fish and seabirds, but their supplies were not adequately restocked until March when they stopped in Guam. On March 28, they landed in the Philippines and befriended a tribal king, Rajah Humabon of Cebu Island. After spending time with the king, Magellan and his crew were persuaded into helping the tribe kill their enemy Lapu-Lapu on Mactan Island. On April 27, 1521, Magellan took part in the Battle of Mactan and was killed by Lapu-Lapus army. After Magellans death, Sebastian del Cano had the Conception burned (so it could not be used against them by the locals) and took over the two remaining ships and 117 crewmembers. To ensure that one ship would make it back to Spain, the Trinidad headed east while the Victoria continued west. The Trinidad was seized by the Portuguese on its return journey, but on September 6, 1522, the Victoria and only 18 surviving crew members returned to Spain, completing the first circumnavigation of the Earth. Legacy Though Magellan died before the voyage was completed, he is often credited with the first circumnavigation of the Earth as he initially led the voyage. He also discovered what is now called the Strait of Magellan and named both the Pacific Ocean and South Americas Tierra del Fuego. Magellanic Clouds in space were also named for him, as his crew was the first to view them while sailing in the Southern Hemisphere. Most important to geography though, was Magellan’s realization of the full extent of the Earth- something that significantly aided to the development of later geographic exploration and the resulting knowledge of the world today. Sources Editors, History.com. â€Å"Ferdinand Magellan.†Ã‚  History.com, AE Television Networks, 29 Oct. 2009.â€Å"The Ages of Exploration.†Ã‚  Exploration.marinersmuseum.org.Burgan, Michael.  Magellan: Ferdinand Magellan and the First Trip Around the World. Mankato: Capstone Publishers, 2001.

INNOVATION AND CHANGE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

INNOVATION AND CHANGE - Essay Example The organizations which can excel in these activities would be in a better position to fetch a continual competitive advantage over its competitors. The successful and effective utilisation of the inventive technologies and new resources is very much dependent on the capability of an organization to indulge into innovation. However, the introduction of such new technologies can bring in some complex challenges as well as opportunities, leading to considerable changes in the managerial practices to form new organizational environment. As in today’s environment, the organizational and technological innovations are entwined. In the year 1950, Schumpeter considered organizational changes, along with the new processes and products, new markets as the key factors leading to ‘creative destruction’. ... One of the significant issues in carrying out research on innovation is to exactly define the concept, ‘innovation’. There is no need to say that ‘innovation’ is something new or original. Beyond this concept of freshness, the dentition of ‘innovation’ would vary in accordance with academic perspective as well the application of the same. A number of researchers have agreed to the fact that an implied aspect of innovation is surely its usefulness. Hence, it distinguishes the ‘innovation’ from any invention as inventions may not have a practical application. More precisely, as per business sense, it is very much desired that innovation would be contributing to the firm’s performance in one or the other way. There is an ongoing debate whether innovation is a mere process or an outcome of the same. This is significant and may be useful in studying the innovation stages as part of organizational processes. Even, the differences c an be useful to find out at which point the organizations become innovative. Another concern has been raised in defining the ‘innovation’. The innovativeness of any firm can demand the firm to be the first mover in any market or innovator in activities. In the year 1983 Rodgers and after 10 years in 1993, Dowling had said that the firms are required to be among a specific percentage of the adopters to be innovative (Read, â€Å"A Definition of Innovation’). The concept of innovation is pretty wide as there can be various types and stages of innovation and varied level of analysis. In the year 1997, Gopalkrishnan and Damanpour had identified three kinds of innovation: radical versus incremental, technical versus administrative

International Arbitration in Arab States Dissertation

International Arbitration in Arab States - Dissertation Example The primary data consist of statutes and cases providing direct evidence of the arbitration law and practices. Secondary data consist of textbooks, journal articles, and other publications relevant to international commercial arbitration, and arbitration in the Arab Middle East. Research results indicate that Islamic law has significant influence on attitudes, laws and practices relative to arbitration and international arbitration in the Arab Middle East. However, while Egypt and Jordan have made significant progress in modernizing their arbitration laws to accommodate increased international trade, Saudi Arabia, the most conservative Islamic state in the region is struggling to make these accommodations. Although a new law is currently underway in Saudi Arabia, its future is uncertain given the long history of ambivalence toward international commercial arbitration informed by unsatisfactory experiences highlighted by the ARAMCO decision in 1958. Despite Egypt’s progress it has also recently taken a step backward with the Ministry of Justices Decree of 2008. This Decree mandates that all arbitral awards are reviewed in secrecy by the Ministry of Justice.... 90; Elsaman, 2011, p. 8). Globalization has also increased the extent to which all states interact with one another in international commerce and international trade. As a result, states recognizing the inadequacy of domestic courts to deal with international commercial disputes have increasingly turned to international commercial arbitration as a more feasible method of resolving domestic disputes. However, according to Gemmell (2006), due to Islamic traditions and influences, the Islamic Middle East which is largely the Arab Middle East has not fully embraced a modern system of international commercial arbitration (p. 169). Of particular concern is the fact that although arbitration is consistent with Islamic tradition, enforcing international commercial arbitral awards in the Arab Middle East can be problematic. A number of national courts in the Arab Middle East, particularly Islamic courts have been averse to enforcing international commercial arbitral awards on the grounds that the award is inconsistent with public policies or more particularly, Islamic law and traditions (Elsaman, 2011, p. 8). This is arguably a loophole facilitated by international commercial arbitration itself. The New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1958 (hereinafter the New York Convention) permits member states to refuse enforcement of an award if it is found to be contrary to public policy (New York Convention, Article V(2)(b)). Complicating matters, the New York Convention does not define the phrase public policy. International commercial arbitration in the Arab Middle East is largely influenced by Islamic law and traditions more broadly known as Sharia compliant laws and traditions (Kutty, 2006, p. 566). Sharia in this regard

Group Meeting Minutes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Group Meeting Minutes - Essay Example UML were used to describe the current system on how it operates. Use case were in this study used to demonstrate this below are the minutes of the group that took place while looking at this case study. Further consultations about the group activities were done via social media where we created a group page on Facebook. Members with issues, suggestions could raise it here before or after the meeting. [Inception Phase Meeting 1] [ Group Name] Date: 5/31/2015 Location: Lab Group Members Present: Abdu, chairperson Benjamin, Benson, Emily assistant chairperson Fatima Hassan, Jason, Jennifer, Joseph, Karen organizing secretary to the group Shirntel 1. First Agenda Item The first meeting was held in a class with an aim of Identifying the need or usefulness of a project. The group members were to establish the following a. Establish a vision for the solution or enhancements planned b. Develop a business case statement for the project Decision(s): 1. The group agreed on a project which is a Fitness Centre that is planning to upgrade it information system to have modern and up-to-date cards for its members and backup procedures for its data. The group was to evaluate the current system what it does with an aim of proposing an appropriate upgraded system for the clients. 2. The vision for the project was established which was To Provide Better Services to the Clients. 2. Second Agenda Item Members sought to establish the requirements and the scope of the project which they had decided to undertake. The agenda was to: 1. Initial list of requirements 2. Identify scope or boundary of the new system or system enhancement Decision(s): a) The listed the initial requirements of the project as: i. Having the knowledge of the previous system, how the customers accomplish their tasks using the system. ii. Having the estimated time for the installing of the new project iii. Having possible tasks that will take place iv. Cost estimations from the time, tasks and what is already avai lable. How will the new system improve service satisfaction to the members and how will the staff benefit from the new system. 3. Third Agenda Item Develop preliminary schedules indicating areas of individual interests Decision(s): b) The following schedules and individual tasks were established Task Assigned Individual Responsible Additional Information Requirement engineering Benson, Jennifer Analyzing the user requirements Feasibility study Jennifer, Karen Study if the system is doable System analysis Jason, Emily & Benson Analyse the current system and define the system requirements according to priority Scheduling of the tasks to be done Joseph, Abdu, Hassan, Fatima Looking at what the group should do. UML designs Karen, Emily & Shirntel Design the system basing on the methodology(incremental) Looking the benefits of the new system Abdul, Benjamin, Emily Looking at the cons and pros of the proposed system in terms of cost and services delivery Presentation of the analysis to th e tutor/class All the team members The findings of the current and proposed systems Minutes prepared by: [Karen / Date ] Minutes Approved: [Abdul , signature] [Inception Phase Meeting 2] [ Group Name] Date: 5/31/2015 Location: Lab Group Members Present: Abdu, chairperson Benjamin, Benson, Emily assistant chairperson Fatima Hassan, Jason, Jennifer, Joseph, Karen organizing secretary to the group Shirntel 1. First Agenda Item Notes: the main objective of this second meeting was to allocate responsibilities to

ESOLLinguistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ESOLLinguistics - Essay Example Furthermore, written text production is always part of the general dynamics of human behavior. People write (or speak) because they want to achieve particular goals in particular situations in a particular way, or because they cannot achieve them in nonlinguistic ways. Consequently, written text production should not (only) be reconstructed as the outcome of separate subsystems, but its theoretical reconstruction must show the greatest possible compatibility with the relevant processes investigated in general psychology (i.e., with perceptive, cognitive, motivational and emotional processes). Basically, Writing is a demanding cognitive activity, yet some people appear to write without great effort. Writing involves both engagement (the direct recording of conceptual associations) and reflection (the deliberate and cognitively demanding process of re-representing embedded processes and exploring cognitive structures). An engaged writer who has created an appropriate context and constraints can be carried along by the flow of mental association, without deliberative effort. Most writing involves deliberate planning, but also makes use of chance discovery. The products of engaged writing become source material to inspire and constrain deliberate planning.

How Can Financial Innovations Lead To Financial Crisis Assignment

How Can Financial Innovations Lead To Financial Crisis - Assignment Example Nevertheless, lack of supervision and regulations account for the negative side of integration of financial markets. Owing to the global financial markets deregulations, financial managers used creativity in spreading risks with ignorance that the same virtue will have adverse effects on the world economy (Llewellyn 2009 p.55) Financial globalization attributed to growth in the size of financing markets leading to cross-nation misbalance which caused the financial crisis. The developing countries are disadvantaged on the global financial systems. The collapse of the U.S mortgage market revealed the bottlenecks of the global financial markets with complex financial products lowering trust on the whole system. Currently, the global financial crisis is done through innovative investment instruments for instance securitization, derivatives and auction rate securities which were designed through quantitative techniques by mathematicians in an effort to eliminate risk. Securitization is the structured financial process where risks of banks are distributed by pooling loans into sellable assets. This was one of the greatest financial innovation in the 20th century where loans were being converted into securities with the buyer receiving regular payments and the banker disseminating the risk. Banks borrowed more money for lending to create more securitization for loans as they engaged in buying, selling and trading risks believing they have effectively spread the risks only to end in a financial crisis (Keys, Mukherjee, et al, 2007 p.67) The mortgage defaults were caused by the tightening of the monetary policy triggering disturbances in the financial institutions worldwide. The escalating subprime mortgage defaults led to a significant fall in house prices causing a severe liquidity crisis. The risks associated with subprime mortgage crisis involve the credit risk, which is borne by the lending financial institution representing the potential that the issuers of debt security might fail meeting the obligation of making remitting periodic payments and interest to investors.  

ESOLLinguistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ESOLLinguistics - Essay Example Furthermore, written text production is always part of the general dynamics of human behavior. People write (or speak) because they want to achieve particular goals in particular situations in a particular way, or because they cannot achieve them in nonlinguistic ways. Consequently, written text production should not (only) be reconstructed as the outcome of separate subsystems, but its theoretical reconstruction must show the greatest possible compatibility with the relevant processes investigated in general psychology (i.e., with perceptive, cognitive, motivational and emotional processes). Basically, Writing is a demanding cognitive activity, yet some people appear to write without great effort. Writing involves both engagement (the direct recording of conceptual associations) and reflection (the deliberate and cognitively demanding process of re-representing embedded processes and exploring cognitive structures). An engaged writer who has created an appropriate context and constraints can be carried along by the flow of mental association, without deliberative effort. Most writing involves deliberate planning, but also makes use of chance discovery. The products of engaged writing become source material to inspire and constrain deliberate planning.

Data Rules Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Data Rules - Coursework Example This Decision Support System focuses on the problem solving expertise embedded into it by comparing its inputs with facts, rules and procedures already present in its data bank (also referred to as Data Warehouse). The Knowledge Based Subsystem in the DSS uses this data input (that may be mere facts, figures, personal knowledge and business models) to analytically identify any probable problems that may arise, possible decisions that can be made and possible solutions to an issue. The particular DSS under consideration in the said article concerns a knowledge based system that would assist nurses in decision making under critical conditions. The knowledge base in the said Dss is maintained by using a database that stores information. The data that constructs this data base includes input from medical professionals, theoretical practice maps, prior evidences and practices. This accompanied with input from the patient and user (i.e. nurses) at intermittent levels provides hypothetical results regarding identification of the problem facing the patient and the possible solutions for

Science at work research Essay Example for Free

Science at work research Essay For this project I have sent a letter to each company, I have emailed 1 of the companies and visited 2 of the companies in order to help me with my research. Although not all companies gave me the relevant information, I also used the internet to help me fill in the missing gaps. Production Organisations The only product organisation I have chosen to do is Dulux. Dulux is a paint company. Dulux Customer Care Centre ICI Paints Wexham Road Slough SL2 5DS Tel: 08444 817 817 Dulux produce a wide range of different paints and products both interior and exterior to help you paint. Here are a few examples of what products they make. Paint Paint is any liquid liquefiable or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to a solid film. Products made for interior:Paint pod: Paintpod roller system, Paintpod matt emulsion, Paintpod silk emulsion, Paintpod 2m extension tube, Paintpod extra reach handle, Paintpod roller sleeve, Paintpod dip tube, Paintpod edging brush, Paintpod spare parts Main Range: Matt, Natural hints matt, Feature wall matt, Soft sheen, Solid emulsions matt, Solid emulsions silk, Non-drip gloss, Satin wood, Professional liquid gloss, Pure brilliant white eggshell, Quick dry gloss, Quick dry satin wood, Tile paint, Cupboard paint. Exterior products: Products made for exterior:Main range: non-drip gloss, professional liquid gloss. Once: Gloss. Weathersheild: smooth masonry paint, textured masonry paint, ready to roll smooth masonry paint, exterior gloss, exterior satin, exterior one coat gloss, exterior undercoat, exterior stablishing primer, multi-surface fungicidal wash, exterior preservative primer. What Science is involved? Paint is manufactured with mineral fillers (clay and limestone) and pigments from various minerals. Paint contains four basic ingredients pigments, resin solvents and additives. Each has a different purpose. The pigment is for colour, resin is a binder, the solvent carries the pigment and resin from the paintbrush to the wall, the additive is added to change or improve its characteristics, in paint it is added to help the paint stick better. Making the paste: Pigment manufacturers send bags of pigments to the paint factory where it is them premixed with the resin, the solvent and additives to form a paste. Dispersing the pigment: The paste mixture is then routed to a sand mill (shown below) this agitates tiny particles of sand to grind the pigment particles to make them smaller then dispersing them throughout the mixture. The mixture will then be filtered to remove the sand particles. Although not all paint companys use a sand mill, instead they may be used in a high speed dispersion tank. (Shown below) here the premixed paste is subjected to high speed agitation by a circular toothed blade attached to the rotating shaft. Using this process will blend the pigments into the solvent Thinning the paste: No matter how it is dispersed whether by sand mill or dispersion tank the paste must be thinned to produce the final product. The paste is transferred to a large kettle where it is agitated with the right amount of solvent to match the paint desired. Canning the paint: The paint is then pumped into the canning room. Empty cans are rolled horizontally onto labels the set upright for the paint to be pumped into them. A machine will then place the lids onto the filled cans and a second machine will press the lid so it is sealed. The handles are then made and cut by a bolometer before hooking them into the holes made on the cans. The cans are then boxed and sent to the warehouse. Health and safety act: The health and safety act defines general duties on employers, employees, contractors, suppliers of goods and substances for use at work, person in control of work premises and people who manage and maintain them. The act enables a regime of regulations by the government ministers through the statutory instrument. They created an extensive system of specific provisions for various industries, including discipline and risks. It enforces powers backed by criminal sanctions extending to unlimited fines and imprisonment for up to 2 years. The act provides a critical interface with the law of European Union on workplace health and safety. How is the HS act used in Dulux? The health and safety act will be used in Dulux to make sure that paint is not left on the floor and so that the company is a safe environment to work in. listed below are a few ways in which they will ensure health and safety:   They are to make sure there is no paint left on the floor to ensure no accident occur   They are to make sure Special clothes will be worn to protect the workers from toxic chemicals. They will Ensure that all equipment is safe to use to help prevent accident occurring   They will ensure that All fire exits are clearly marked and not covered so easy access incase of a fire   All rules and regulations are clearly stated, visible and always followed. There is a fire safety point Cleary situated.   Ensure all fire alarms work Service organisations The 1st service organisation I have chosen to do is within the health care system. I have chosen to do a hospital. I will research manor hospital. Manor Hospital Moat Road, Walsall, WS2 9PS 01922 721172. Manor hospital offers a wide range of services from AE to Vascular surgery. I have listed a few below:   AE   Cancer services   Care of the elderly Dermatology   Ear, nose and throat surgery   Maternity Orthodontics   Pharmacy and medicines   Sexual health Therapy services   Urology   Vascular surgery Manor hospital is a place where you can get medical treatment. They help you in a variety of different ways. I have chosen to do focus my project on the AE What Science Is Involved? In the AE there are a variety of different sciences involved. Although not all are used daily. There are some things that you may not be aware off that use science. The AE is a place where you go if you have been involved in an accident. They deal with all accidents and emergencys ranging from a sprain up to a breakage of a bone. Although this may seem like no science is involved there is. Biology is mainly used because its deals with the human body. They need to have a biology degree. For example if somebody were to come into AE with a nail in there hand, they would have to use the biology in order to figure out the best treatment n how to go about getting the nail out. Would they just pull it out or would they operate? After deciding this they will need to sterilise the nail in order to stop the micro-organism infecting the wound. This is another form of science involved. After that if they choose to operate they will use anaesthetic. Although this may seem as if this is not using science it is. This is used to temporarily reduce sensation so that painful procedures or surgery can be performed. There are 2 types of anaesthetic:   General; makes the patient unconscious   Local; numbs the part of the body that would feel pain. They will ensure that there are enough seats available so that people are not standing around. The 2nd service organisation I have chosen to do is Berkley practice. This is a GPs practice. Berkley practice Churchill Road Walsall West midlands. WS2 0BA The Berkley practice provides a wide range of services such as:   Blood tests STI Tests   Pregnancy tests At the Berkley practice there is more than one GP available to suit your needs, as each GP may have a different area of expertise. This also may be so that it is easy access to your GP if you live close by. Although you may have a personal GP you may also chose to use a different Doctor. What Science is involved? As a dentist they will need to know a variety of different thing that involve science such as x-ray machines and chemicals. Here below are some of the sciences used. A dentist will diagnose and treat problems relating to the teeth and gums in the mouth. This means the dentist will need to know the science of the body but specifically the mouth and teeth. This will be so they can give advice about brushing and healthy eating for looking after teeth and gums. They will also need to know the science of chemicals and antibiotics so that they are able to provide proper protection and pain relief. Dentist will also need to know the science of x-rays machines and other equipment so that they can be used safely and easily without accidents occurring. Finally dentist will need to know the science of infectious diseases so that he can prevent them happening whilst providing treatment. Health and safety: Like in the hospital the GP may have some of the same constraints to ensure safety. Ensure all equipment is clean and safe to use   Ensure that gloves are worn when treating a patient   All needles will be put into a container   A fire safety point clearly stated   Ensure that all rules and regulations are stated, visible and always followed.   Ensure that all fire alarms work The 3rd service organisation I have chosen to do is Darlaston leisure centre Victoria Road Darlaston Walsall WS10 8AP Telephone 0121 526 7473 Fax 0121 568 7379 Darlaston leisure centre offers a wide range of activities and facilities such as:   Childrens gym Adults gym   Swimming pool   Tanning studio   Swimming lessons   Vending area   Spectators area steam rooms   holiday camps Darlaston leisure centre also caters for disabled people by providing disabled access, parking and disabled changing facilities. What Science is involved? Chlorine: Chlorine is the chemical that is often used to keep swimmingpools free of bacteria that can be hazardous to humans. It kills bacteria through a simple chemical reaction. The chlorine solution breaks down into different chemicals including hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion. Both of these kill micro organisms and bacteria by attacking the lipids in the cell walls and destroying enzymes and structures inside the cell, thus making them harmless. If not enough hypochlorous acid present the cleaning process can take much longer. After the cleaning process both chemicals either combine with another or are broken down into single atoms, this then makes the chlorine harmless. Although chlorine is good for swimming pools it may also produce side effects such as; Itching; chlorine may have an itching effect on some skin, more likely to affect people with sensitive skin.   The smell; chlorine has a distinctive smell that some people may find sickly   Fading clothes; clothes may begin to fade if being exposed to chlorine for to long, such as your swimming costume around summertime.   Inhaling; inhaling a massive mount of chlorine may be hazardous to your breathing. Health and safety Darlaston leisure centre will also be a service provider that uses the health and safety act 1974. They will use this to ensure that all children using the facilities are safe. They may do this by:   ensuring there are ore than 2 staff watching the pools at all times   ensuring all fire exits are clearly labelled and visible   Ensuring that staff is watching children whilst in the gym children should not be in the gym as accidents may occur. Children should be out having fun. The equipment used may be too complicated for them. The age range for this gym is 8-16.   ensuring all food available is able to eat clearly stating the rules and regulation of the centre and are always followed  Ã‚  making sure that there are qualified first aiders available  Ã‚  ensure that a fire safety point is clearly situated ensure that all fire alarms work Below are copies of the emails and letters sent to the companies in order to help me with my research? Letters: This is the letter that I used to send to all of the companies. I edited the letter in order for it to be suitable for the companies. Dear whom ever this may concern, My name is Jaymie lee Howard I am 17 years old and am currently at 6thform, I am studying applied science. At the moment we are currently doing organisations using science. I am using your company as part of my coursework and was hoping you could answer these questions for me in order to help me. I would like to ask you if you could please answer these questions for me. 1) What type of work takes place within your company? 2) What science is used to help make the products offered for service? 3) What health and safety constraints do you have? 4) Does everybody follow the health and safety act? It would really helpful if you could answer these questions for me as they are not displayed on the website. Thank you for your time, Yours sincerely, Jaymie-lee Howard I also used this layout for my emails.

Congestive Cardiac Failure: Causes and Effects

Congestive Cardiac Failure: Causes and Effects Analyse Health Information – Case study The scenario relates to Mr Alby Wright who has been admitted into your ward. His patient history and admission form is available for you to review. Mr Wright’s admission states that he has heart failure (congestive cardiac failure). Clearly define heart failure. What organs and which body systems are affected by this disorder? Congestive heart failure is a condition where the heart muscle becomes less strong and is unable to pump as well as it usually would. The ventricles which most important pumping chambers become bigger or thicker and aren’t able to squeeze or relax as well as they should be able to. This makes it easy for fluid retention to occur especially in the legs, abdomen and lungs (better health channel. 2013). This is all usually caused by diabetes, coronary heart disease, previous heart attack, high blood pressure and or other conditions that have damaged the heart and made it weak. Sometimes the fluid that gets in the lungs and it makes it uneasy to breathe and causes shortness of breath when the person is lying down on their back. This is called pulmonary oedema and can cause other respiratory issues if it not treated (American heart association. 2012). Generally if someone was to have heart failure, it would occur on the left side first mostly but can occur in both sides. If someone is experiencing left side heart failure, the left ventricle doesn’t fully empty and is unable to distribute enough oxygen rich blood around the body which causes heightened pressure in the upper chambers of the heart and the veins that are close to the area which is called systolic failure. Because of the build-up of blood in there, it can cause oedema in the legs, lungs and abdominal organs. The kidneys are affected by this hinders the way that they work and it leads to salt and water retention which causes further oedema. In some cases of heart failure, instead of not being able to pump blood around properly out of the left ventricle there is also unsuccessful relaxation of the left ventricle because the muscle has gone stiff which leads to blood pooling (better health channel. 2013) and also that the heart isn’t able to fully fill with blood during the resting period between each heartbeat (American heart association. 2012). Right sided heart failure usually happens because of left sided failure. When the left ventricle has failed, more fluid pressure is then transferred back through the lungs which damages the right side of the heart. When the right side of the heart loses the strength to properly pump, blood builds up in the veins and that causes swelling in the legs and ankles. The cardiovascular system is affected the most by congestive heart failure. The heart has been weakened and is unable to pump blood efficiently and doesn’t function properly in general and the muscle is also weakened. The respiratory system is affected because of the fluid in the lungs which is also known as pulmonary oedema. This can affect your breathing and leave you short of breath. Fluid may also build up in the liver resulting in an impaired capability to get rid of the body’s toxins and to produce the proteins that the body needs to live. The intestines can become not as good at absorbing nutrients and medicines as that would have when they were healthy (providence health network. 2014) Give a brief overview of the normal function of the body systems affected by this disorder. Cardiovascular system is most affected by this disorder. The functions of this system are to basically keep the blood running and pumping through by the arteries, veins, and capillaries (cliffs notes. 2013). The blood carries important nutrients around the body and helps to remove metabolic waste. The heart, blood vessels and blood help to regulate body temperature by controlling the blood flow to the surface of the skin. The white blood cells help to protect the body from foreign toxins and pathogens. Platelets help to clot blood so that you won’t have excessive blood loss and stop bleeding (cliffsnotes. 2013). Respiratory system function is so you can breathe and supply oxygen to your whole body (how stuff works. 2014). This works by breathing; inhaling oxygen filled air and exhaling carbon dioxide air. First you breathe in air through your nose and mouth and it travels down the windpipe and through the bronchial tubes then into the lungs. The diaphragm and abdominal muscles and make the lungs contract and expand so that you are able to breathe in and out. The bronchial tubes connect to blood vessels which carry blood through your body and exchange gases. The digestive system absorbs and moves the nutrients around the body that it needs to work well and gets rid of what the body doesn’t need as waste. First there is ingestion which is when eaten and then makes its way down into the stomach to be stored and waits for digestion. It then moves into the small intestines where the enzymes and bile work to break down the food where the body can absorb more nutrients that it needs and it continues on its way to the large intestine where it absorbs more fluid to make the solid faeces and moves through and gets excreted as waste (how stuff works. 2014). The liver aids in breaking up fats, absorbing them and digesting them. Urinary system works along with other parts of the body such as skin, lung and intestines to keep up the stability of chemicals and water in the body (live science. 2013).This system’s role is to filter and excrete. Kidneys work at reducing blood pressure by reducing the blood volume. The body filters blood to create urine which goes into the bladder and the bladder fills up until it is full and ready to excrete waste that the body does not need which is urination (live science. 2013). 3. Define the signs and symptoms of heart failure, and explain why these signs and symptoms occur. Breathlessness or shortness of breath is a symptom because when the heart starts failing, the blood in the veins gets backed up in the pulmonary veins because it cannot cope with the supply while trying to carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. At this point, the fluid is starting to pool in the lungs which hinders regular breathing. A person suffering heart failure may suffer with breathlessness upon exertion including exercise or other activities. As the condition progresses, breathlessness or shortness of breath may even be present while at rest or even sleeping which may cause the person to wake up (USCF medical center. 2014). Fatigue occurs when heart failure develops and worsens; the heart cannot pump the adequate volume of blood that is needed to meet all of the body’s needs. To make up for this, the blood is taken away from less vital such as the limbs to supply the heart and brain. Because of this, people suffering with heart failure usually feel tired, w eak and have difficulty doing normal tasks such as walking, going up stairs, or even carrying items. (USCFmedicalcenter.2014). Someone suffering shortness of breath as a symptom of heart failure will also experience fatigue if they are being woken up with breathing difficulties while they are sleeping. Chronic coughing and wheezing is a symptom because of the fluid backup in the lungs which may cause a thick, whitish mucus like substance called phlegm to be coughed up from the lungs which may even be tinged pink from traces of blood (USCFmedicalcenter.2014). Rapid or irregular heartbeat is a symptom because it may speed up to make up for its inability to pump blood around the body properly. People suffering this in heart failure may experience a fluttering sensation of heart palpitations, or a heartbeat that they are aware of and seems irregular or out of the normal rhythm. It may feel like the heart is racing or pounding hard (USCF medical center. 2014). Lack of appetite/ nausea be cause the digestive system isn’t as vital as the heart or brain so the blood has been pulled away from the digestive systems to these areas instead which means there will be problems with digestion including the feeling of fullness or sickness even though they have not eaten anything (USCF medical center. 2014). Confusion/ impaired thinking because unusual sodium levels in the blood and lessened blood flow to the brain can cause bafflement or memory loss even know the person suffering with this may not even realise, and someone else may pick up on this sign before they do (USCF medical center. 2014). Oedema or swelling due to restricted blood flow to the kidneys which means that they produce hormones which lead to the retention of salt and water. This causes swelling of (most often) in the legs, ankles, and feet. Oedema may also cause weight gain (USCF medical center. 2014). Rapid weight gain can occur as a result of oedema and the fluid retention (USCF medical center. 2014). Heart grows in size because it wants to make its pumping power greater so the muscle mass in the heart gets bigger to make this happen. The chambers inside of the heart also grow larger and stretch so that they can fit more blood in. While the heart grows in size, the cells that control its contractions also grow with it. An enlarged heart does not function as well as a normal sized one and the added muscle mass puts stress on the whole cardiovascular system (USCF medical center. 2014). The heart pumps faster as it tries to circulate more blood around the body. If the heart pumps blood too fast for a long period of time, it can damage the heart muscle and hinder its regular electrical signals, which can cause an unsafe heart rhythm disorder (USCF medical center. 2014). Blood vessels narrow because less blood is flowing through the veins and arteries and that means blood pressure can drop to seriously low levels. Because of this, the blood vessels narrow which keeps the blood pressure higher while the hearts power decreases. Narrowing of the blood vessels also limits the amount of blood that can flow through which may contribute to other conditions such as heart disease, clogged or blocked vessels in the legs or other body parts, or stroke (USCF medical center. 2014). Blood flow is diverted away from less vital areas such as the limbs when there is not enough of it to meet the body’s needs and gets given to more crucial organs such as the heart and brain which are the most important for survival. This can cause limb weakness due to lack of blood in the areas. The areas where the blood is diverted from may deteriorate over time from a lack of oxygen (USCF medical center. 2014). Increased urination at night because if the patient suffering heart failure lays down all day, the fluid that has been accumulating in their legs all day may move back up into the blood stream and gets taken to the kidneys and is excreted as urine (heart failure matters. 2014). Low blood pressure because the hearts power has decreased and the veins have narrowed. Chest pain if your heart failure is due to a heart attack. List the information taken on his admission that demonstrates these signs and symptoms. Cyanotic Appetite loss Confusion and anxiety Low blood pressure Temperature below 35.8 degrees Sa02: 87% on air Respirations: 32 Low blood pressure Constipation Do you think his diabetes is related to his leg ulcer and amputated left toe? Explain. Yes. High blood sugar levels in diabetic patients damage nerves and blood vessels which results in poor circulation to the feet and may cause ulcers, infection, and amputation. This is more likely to happen if the patient has had diabetes for a long amount of time, they smoke, they don’t move around much, or their blood glucose levels have been high for an extended period of time (diabetes Australia. 2014). One of the medications he is taking is Lasix. What is the action of Lasix? Which body systems are affected by it? Explain why you think Mr Wright is ordered Lasix. Lasix is a diuretic. It increases the amount of urine that is made in the kidneys and excreted as waste (c health. 2014). It is also used to regulate and control slight to moderate high blood pressure. It affects the urinary system because it involves the kidneys and the cardiovascular system because it involves the heart. I think that Mr. Wright is ordered Lasix to get rid of the excess fluid that would be built up in his body and to lessen the oedema. List three conditions in Mr Wright’s relevant medical history that are commonly associated with ageing. Glaucoma Type 2 diabetes Arthritis Using Mr Wrights admission history and assessment, list the factors that may impact on his safety whilst in hospital and when he returns home. Hypotensive- low blood pressure He needs a walking stick because he is unsteady on his feet He gets anxious, especially about his dog. This can sometimes cause an asthma attack. He gets confused His vision is impaired and gets blurry after he has eye drops and he also needs reading glasses. What other health professionals will be involved in his care and what services can they provide for Mr Wright. Paramedics will care for Mr Wright in the ambulance and pass him over to emergency. Mr Wright needs a doctor to in emergency to diagnose him. General Nurses will be involved to provide care for him and to care for his wounds. A diabetes educator can be involved to help him to understand the needs of his condition and set up an action plan and give him support. A dietician can also help with this condition and set up meal and nutrition plans etc. Exercise physiologist assists patients to have a physical lifestyle to prevent and manage chronic conditions. A pharmacist will dispense his prescriptions so he can have medications and to give information on them. He may be able to talk to a psychologist to improve his anxieties, especially about his dog (better health. 2013). List the nursing documentation you would expect to be used in the care of Mr Wright. Progress notes Medication chart Vital signs chart Nursing history and assessment Care plan Asthma action plan FBC- fluid balance chart Wound monitoring chart Falls risk assessment (tafesa. 2014) UCSF medical center. 2014. heart failure signs and symptoms. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/heart_failure/signs_and_symptoms.html. [Accessed 04 April 14]. heart failure matters. 2014. need to urinate at night. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.heartfailurematters.org/en_GB/Understanding-heart-failure/Need-to-urinate-at-night. [Accessed 08 April 14]. better health channel. 2013. congestive heart failure. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Congestive_heart_failure_%28CHF%29. [Accessed 08 April 14]. American heart association. 2012. types of heart failure. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartFailure/AboutHeartFailure/Types-of-Heart-Failure_UCM_306323_Article.jsp. [Accessed 08 April 14]. c health. 2014. drug factsheets. [ONLINE] Available at: http://chealth.canoe.ca/drug_info_details.asp?brand_name_id=210#Indication. [Accessed 09 April 14]. providence healthcare network. 2014. congestive heart failure. [ONLINE] Available at: http://providence.net/facilities/heart-failure.html. [Accessed 09 April 14]. pt direct. 2014. major functions of the cardiovascular system. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ptdirect.com/training-design/anatomy-and-physiology/cardiovascular-system/major-functions-of-the-cardiovascular-system-2013-a-closer-look. [Accessed 09 April 14]. diabetes australia. 2014. diabetes and your feet. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/Living-with-Diabetes/MindBody/DiabetesYour-Feet/. [Accessed 09 April 14]. TafeSA, 2014. Acute Care Flow Charts. In: Flow Charts. s.l.:Government of South Australia. better health . 2013. allied health. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Allied_health. [Accessed 10 April 14]. cliffs notes. 2013. functions of the cardiovascular system. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/anatomy-and-physiology/the-cardiovascular-system/functions-of-the-cardiovascular-system. [Accessed 10 April 14]. how stuff works. 2014. what is the function of the respiratory system?. [ONLINE] Available at: http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/respiratory/function-respiratory-system.htm. [Accessed 10 April 14]. how stuff works. 2014. how the digestive system works. [ONLINE] Available at: http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/digestive/digestive-system2.htm. [Accessed 10 April 14]. live science. 2013. urinary system. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.livescience.com/27012-urinary-system.html. [Accessed 10 April 14]. Chikungunya Fever: A Review Of The Literature Chikungunya Fever: A Review Of The Literature The Newala and Masasi Districts of the Southern Province, Tanzania, reported its first dengue-like outbreak in 1952-1953, on the basis that this epidemic involved debilitating joint pains and shorter incubation period, thereby excluding dengue (Robinson 1955). The infection was called chikungunya; a word from the Makonde dialect describing patients contorted posture (Lumsden 1955). Chikungunya is an arthropod borne virus (arbovirus) of the genus: Alphavirus from Togaviridae family. It is transmitted to humans mainly by the day biting mosquito species Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Townson and Nathan 2008). Moreover, Aedes aegypti eggs collected from the Tanzanian outbreak were used for the first isolation of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) (Ross 1956). CHIKV contains a positive-sense single stranded RNA genome, enclosed in an icosahedral nucleocapsid, all enclosed in a phospholipid bilayer envelope. Embedded in the envelope are multiple copies of two encoded glycoproteins E1 and E2, a small glycoprotein E3, and a hydrophobic peptide 6K (Strauss and Strauss 1994). However, the roles of these glycoproteins are not elucidated, but it can be assumed that it could facilitate the attachment of the virus to host cell. History Subsequent to the Tanzanian epidemic, several outbreaks have been reported worldwide, including the Indian Ocean Islands; La Reunion (Renault et al. 2007), Mayotte (Sissoko et al. 2008), and the Maldives (Yoosuf et al. 2008). There were outbreaks whereby Chikungunya had concurrence with other infections; with Dengue (Ratsitorahina et al. 2008, Yoosuf et al. 2008) and with Plasmodium falciparum infection (Pastorino et al. 2004). Moreover, Chikungunya have been imported into several European countries; United Kingdom (HPA 2007), France (Hochedez et al. 2007), Germany, Switzerland, Denmark, Poland (Panning et al. 2008), with Italy witnessing its first CHIKV outbreak in 2007 (Rezza et al. 2007). Aim of review The Italian outbreak has demonstrated that only one viraemic person was required to instigate an outbreak and due to increased population movement worldwide, CHIKV could extend to pandemic proportions (Rezza et al. 2007). Furthermore, the outbreaks could have been underestimated due to its concurrence with other infections. Thus, this literature review will demonstrate to the reader that the Western medicine should be planning for CHIKV outbreaks which are becoming increasingly possible due to world climate change. Clinical Features Chikungunya is a mild and self limiting infection (Rezza et al. 2007) with incubation period of 2-7 days (Robinson 1955). Patients usually presents with a number of clinical features, with fever, fatigue, joint pain, anorexia, and nausea presenting as common clinical features (Table 1). Arthalgia and myalgia mainly involves the extremities of wrists, ankles, hands, feet and phalanges, while skin rash and petechiae are manifestations of haemorrhage (Kannan et al. 2009). During the La Reunion outbreak, Gà ©raldin et al. (2008) observed vertical transmissions from mother to child, with newborns presenting with chikungunya infection without prior mosquito bites. These neonates became symptomatic between 3-7 days postpartum, with presentation of fever, pain, poor feeding, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with gastrointestinal and cerebral bleeding, petechiae, and distal joint oedema. Encephalitis, thrombocytopenia and haemorrhagic fever were presented as severe neonatal infec tions; however, no fatalities were reported (Gà ©rardin et al. 2008). Transmission of CHIKV CHIKV requires two types of hosts to complete its replication cycle. Firstly, Aedes mosquito species transmits the virus to animals, and act as definitive hosts. Secondly, humans and other animals become infected with the virus and act as intermediate hosts. The transmission between the natural hosts (primates, birds, rodents and others) and the definitive hosts involves the sylvatic (main) cycle (Pardigon 2009). By disrupting this cycle, humans became incidental hosts, resulting in urban transmission cycles yielding epidemics. These humans could transmit CHIKV directly to domestic mosquitoes (Gould and Higgs 2009) and indirectly to domestic animals such as fowl, pigeons and goats (Lumsden 1955). When an Aedes mosquito ingests viraemic blood meal, CHIKV replicates in the salivary glands and ovaries, sites where it can be excreted. Upon another blood meal, the mosquito injects the viraemic saliva into a susceptible host. Contrary, within the ovaries, CHIKV is transmitted to the mosqui toes eggs by vertical transmissions (Figure 1). The desiccated nature of these eggs enables it to survive longer periods in the environment, where they are hatched during the rainy season (Gould and Higgs 2009). Figure 1. The overview of CHIKVs transmissions cycle in mosquito and human (Evenor 2010). Aedes mosquito becomes infected after taking a blood meal from an infected intermediate host Upon another blood meal, the Aedes mosquito injects viraemic saliva into a susceptible host The viraemic blood travels to the gut, where CHIKV undergoes replication within the gut wall The egg later developed into a mosquito infected with CHIKV CHIKV travels to the ovaries, where it is transmitted to the mosquitos eggs by vertical transmission The intermediate host becomes viraemic with presentation of clinical features CHIKV penetrated the gut wall, where it is disseminated through the bloodstream CHIKV travels to the salivary glands, where it undergoes replication Distributions of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti Aedes aegypti was the predominant vector during earlier outbreaks in Africa (Lumsden 1955), and it has been implicated in some recent outbreaks in Africa (Gould et al. 2008) and Indonesia (Laras et al. 2005). However, Aedes albopictus have been described as the main vector implicated in a number of recent outbreaks, between 2005 to 2007 (Leroy et al. 2009, Pagà ¨s et al. 2009, Ratsitorahina et al. 2008, Renault et al. 2007, Sissoko et al. 2008). In the Gabonese outbreak involving both vectors, Vazeille et al. (2008) hypothesised that Aedes albopictus is a more suitable vector for CHIKV than Aedes aegypti, as it has a higher susceptibility for the virus. The two vectors have been recovered from several breeding sites with some overlap (Table 2). Tyres have been the main source of Aedes albopictus larval importation into Italy, in 1992, from Atlanta, USA. Consequently, the trade of these used tyres within Italy had caused large infestations of Aedes albopictus in Linguria, Veneto, Lom bardy and Eimlia-Romagna regions, by the end of 1995 (Knudsen et al. 1996). Aedes aegypti larvae predominate inside home, whereas Aedes albopictus larvae predominate outside home (Preechaporn et al. 2006). Table 2. The natural and artificial breeding sites for Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae. Natural and artificial breeding sites Incidence of Aedes aegyptilarvae Incidence of Aedes albopictus larvae References Barrels X Gould et al.2008 Drums X X Gould et al.2008, Ratsitorahina et al.2008 Buckets X Ratsitorahina et al.2008 Flower pots X Gould et al.2008 Discarded cans X X Preechaporn et al.2006, Ratsitorahina et al.2008 Coconut shells X Preechaporn et al.2006, Ratsitorahina et al.2008 Clay water jars X Gould et al.2008 Mango tree holes X Lumsden 1955 Wetlands X X Vazeille et al.2008 Discarded tyres X X Preechaporn et al.2006, Ratsitorahina et al.2008 Plant pots X X Preechaporn et al.2006, Ratsitorahina et al.2008 Gardens X Adhami and Reiter 1998 Discarded plastic bottles X Adhami and Reiter 1998, Preechaporn et al.2006 Wet containers X Ratsitorahina et al.2008 Banana trees X Preechaporn et al.2006 Plant axils X Preechaporn et al.2006 Animal pans X X Preechaporn et al.2006 Plastic containers X X Preechaporn et al.2006 Cement tanks X X Preechaporn et al.2006 Ant guards X Preechaporn et al.2006 Preserved areca jars X Preechaporn et al.2006 Small and large earthen jars X X Preechaporn et al.2006 Key: (X):- present, (-):- absent. Effect of climate change Outbreaks have been associated with climatic conditions such as temperatures and high rainfall. Temperatures influence the developmental rate of Aedes albopictus larvae to adult mosquitoes, with the rate optimising at temperatures between 25 to 30oC (Straetemans 2008). Thus, Tilson et al. (2009) argued that mean monthly temperatures above 20oC are required to initiate an outbreak, as illustrated by the Italian outbreak that was initiated in June and subsided in September when the monthly average temperatures were 22oC and fell below 20oC. Mean annual rainfalls over 500mm is required (Straetemans 2008) to provide suitable breeding environment for the mosquitoes to expand their population (Lumsden 1955); as a result, most outbreaks have been associated with high rainfall (Lumsden 1955, Pastorino et al. 2004, Renault et al. 2007, Sissoko et al. 2008, Yoosuf et al. 2009) as illustrated in Table 3. In 2009, the UK Met office (2010) recorded a mean annual rainfall and temperature of 1201.3 mm and 9.2oC, respectively. The rainfall is sufficient to initiate an outbreak; however, the low temperature is insufficient to support the mosquitoes life cycle. Therefore, the question is what would the impact be to the UK if the climatic condition changes to favour this mosquito? Table 3. Mean temperature and the amount of rainfall that were reported during several outbreaks. Country Duration of the outbreak Mean monthly Temperature (oC) Months mean monthly temperature were collected Amount of Rainfall (mm) Months high rainfall were recorded Reference Tanzania 1952 1953 21.8 28.5 Jun Nov 1203 Jan Dec 1952 Lumsden 1955 Bogor Aug Dec 2001 24 26.2 Jan 2000 Dec 2001 NA Laras et al.2005 Bekasi Jan 2002 26.2 29.6 Jan 2001 Dec 2002 1931 Jan Feb 2002 Laras et al.2005 Maldives 2006 2007 NA NA 970 Nov Dec 2006 Yoosuf et al.2009 Key: NA- not available Distribution of Chikungunya outbreak Mayotte (French Overseas Territory), an island of the Comoros archipelago, encountered its first CHIKV outbreak imported from Grand-Comore in mid-April 2005 (Renault et al. 2007), with 6346 reported cases (in two waves), observed by the surveillance system implemented throughout the island by the local French Health Authority, Dass (Direction des affaires sanitaires et socials) Mayotte. The first (minor) wave commenced in April 2005, it later peaked in week 18 and the infection rate diminished in June, with the virus maintaining low levels thereafter, during the temperate and dry season. However, the second (major) wave began during the first week of May 2006, peaked during the hottest and rainiest months around March/April 2006 and reduced to control levels by July 2006 (Sissoko et al. 2008). In March 2005, a chikungunya infection which started in Grande-Comorre was imported into La Reunion (French Overseas Territory), becoming its first severe reported case involving two waves of outbreak, as observed by the epidemiological surveillance system implemented by the islands local Health Authorities (Renault et al. 2007). Firstly, a (minor) wave commenced in March 2005, peaked in May 2005 and decreased at the beginning of July to approximately 100 cases where the level was maintained during the austral winter. By December 2005 the second (major) wave began; however, the capacity of the surveillance system at the time was insufficient to evaluate the number of cases, as the number of cases was increasing exponentially. This resulted in an underestimation of the number of reported cases with possible misdiagnosis with Dengue fever which circulated the island the previous year (Renault et al. 2007). By April 2006, the Regional Health and Welfare Office reported 203 deaths that w ere directly (due to low immune status) or indirectly (in associations with other underlying conditions) attributed with chikungunya infection, with a low mortality rate of 0.3/1000 people (Renault et al. 2007). The Maldives encountered its first CHIKV outbreak involving 11879 confirmed and suspected cases on 121 of the 197 inhabited islands, observed by the surveillance system implemented by the Epidemiology Unit of the Department of Public Health (DPH), from December 2006 to April 2007 (Yoosuf et al. 2008). The outbreak commenced at the beginning of December 2006, peaked in week 6 and subsided to control levels by week 11 before halting in April 2007. The epidemic was thought to be associated with post-tsunami construction activities which provided breeding sites for mosquitoes. Moreover, approximately five to six elderly patients died as result of co-morbidity and other conditions (Yoosuf et al. 2008). Figure 2: Global Distribution of chikungunya virus, 1952 to 2009. The cases represented on the map are either confirmed cases or suspected cases (Evenor 2010). References: 1 Krastinova et al. 2006, 2 Rezza et al. 2007, 3 Pastorino et al. 2004, 4 Sissoko et al. 2008, 5 Lumsden 1955, 6 Tamburro and Depertat 2009, 7 CDC 2009, 8 WHO 2008, 9 Yoosuf et al. 2009, 10 Leroy et al. 2009. Importation into Europe England In 2006, the United Kingdoms (UK) Health Protection Agencys (HPA) Special Pathogens Reference Unit (SPRU) reported 133 imported cases of chikungunya (Table 4). The majority of these tourists had travelled to the Indian Ocean islands (68), between March and August 2006, where outbreaks were circulating, with Mauritius being the main destination site involving 58 imported cases, followed by 6 in the Seychelles, and 4 in Madagascar. However, when the outbreaks were in decline, only one case was detected in December (HPA 2007). Between August and December, 44 cases were imported from India and 10 cases were imported from Sri Lanka, between November and December; countries with reported recent chikungunya outbreaks. Also imported into the UK, where one case from Nigeria, one from Tanzania, one case from Kenya, and one case from Australia. There had been no mention of chikungunya outbreak in these countries. However, the article did not state whether there had been reported sightings of Ae des mosquitoes in UK (HPA 2007). Table 4. The number of cases was identified by different methods from the 133 imported cases, in the UK. Identification of the imported cases Number of cases Laboratory confirmed case 45 Probable case 30 Suspected case 35 Past exposure 23 France The Pitià ©-Salpà ªtrià ¨re Hospital in Paris, France, reported 80 cases of Chikungunya infection imported by tourists who recently visited the Southwest Indian Ocean region, between March 2005 and August 2006. The majority of cases (52) were imported from La Reunion (Hochedez et al. 2007), a popular destination site for French tourists (HPA 2006). Other destination sites reported were; Mauritius with 18, Comoros with 4, Madagascar with 3, and Mayotte with 2 cases (Hochedez et al. 2007). Within the same period, Metropolitan France reported 766 imported cases, which correlated with the two waves of the La Reunion outbreak (Figure 3). At the peak of the first La Reunion outbreak, an average of 20 cases was imported to France monthly. However, between August and November 2005, during the Southern Hemisphere winter, the cases decreased (Krastinova et al. 2006). A month after the peak of the second outbreak, the number of imported cases drastically increased. It can be argued that Fran ce is at risk of future outbreaks, in view that some of its inhabitants are constantly visiting the Southwest Indian Ocean regions (Hochedez et al. 2007), mainly La Reunion and also due to the inhabitation of Aedes albopictus (Krastinova et al. 2006). Figure 3: Correlation between imported cases of Chikunugunya in metropolitan France to the estimated number of cases in the La Reunion outbreak (Krastinova et al. 2006). Italy Chikungunya was apparently imported into Italy by a male tourist coming from the Kerala province in India, who developed febrile illness two days into his holiday. The region he visited was Castiglonia di Cervia in June 2007. This was recorded by Ravenna provinces local health unit in the Emilia Romagna region, northeastern Italy where 205 people developed CHIKV infection (Rezza et al. 2007). The vector, Aedes albopictus, was implicated in the spread of the virus which was then imported from Castiglione di Cervia into Castiglione de Revenna two villages separated by a river. Mosquito control measures implemented in the area resulted in a reduction in chikungunya infection. However, the control measure was not implemented in other villages and therefore a new wave occurred. The virus isolated from the outbreak contained the same mutational change (Ala226Val) in the membrane fusion E1 glycoprotein as the Indian Ocean variant, thereby suggesting that the Kerala strain could have origina ted from the Indian Ocean outbreak (Rezza et al. 2007). Other European Countries Tourism has been one of the main methods of CHIKV distributions worldwide, including its importation into several European countries. In 2006, the Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine in Hamburg, Germany examined 720 samples from 680 European patients who became symptomatic upon return to Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Denmark, and Poland from several destinations (Table 2) (Panning et al. 2008). The majority of patients had recently visited countries in the Indian Oceans; Mauritius, the Seychelles, La Reunion and Madagascar, and other countries; Bali, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Malaysia, Kenya and Thailand. Moreover, most of these countries have been implicated in recent CHIKV outbreaks. No outbreaks were reported in these European countries; however, future outbreaks can be hypothesised (Panning et al. 2008). Table 5. The country of origin and the holiday destinations of patients presented at the Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine in Hamburg, Germany. Exact destinations were only available for 27.8% of patients, and exact itinerary were not available (Panning et al. 2008). Country of origin Number of patients Germany 515 Belgium 99 Switzerland 42 Denmark 22 Poland 2 Total Nos. of patients 680 Holiday Destinations (Regions with Chikungunya Epidemic) Number of patients Mauritius 92 The Seychelles 23 La Reunion 18 Madagascar 9 Bali 2 Indonesia 6 Sri Lanka 5 India 28 Malaysia 2 Kenya 1 Thailand 3 Concurrence with Dengue Fever and Malaria In 2006 and 2007, Madagascar and Gabon reported co-infections between Chikungunya and DENV-1 or DENV-2 respectively (Ratsitorahina et al. 2008, Leroy et al. 2009). Contrary to CHIKV, dengue virus (DENV) is of Flavirivirus genus from Flaviridae family; consisting of four antigenically distinct but closely related serotypes (DENV1-4). It is transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, also CHIKV transmission vectors (Cook and Zumla 2009). DENV and CHIKV have similar clinical features (Yoosuf et al. 2008). However, the only difference is that CHIKV has arthalgia (). The extended incubation period of DENV (5-8 days) differentiated it from CHIKV (2-7 days); however, the difference is insignificant (Cook and Zumla 2009). Thus, serological diagnosis can be used to differentiate DENV to CHIKV (Ratsitorahina et al. 2008). Ratsitorahina et al. (2008) and Leroy et al. (2009) confirmed Aedes albopictus as the predominating transmission vector of both CHIKV and DENV1 or 2. However, neither study stated whether the vector could simultaneously harbour both viruses. Moreover, the study by Vazeille et al. (2008) demonstrated that Aedes aegypti has a higher susceptibility to DENV-2 virus and a lower susceptibility to CHIKV; whereas Aedes albopictus is a more efficient vector for CHIKV than DENV-2 (Vazeille et al. 2008 and Moutailler et al. 2009). Leroy et al. (2009) further demonstrated this theory in the Gabon outbreak, as the majority of the patients had CHIKV compared to DENV-2. In May 1999 and February 2000, the Matete and Kingabwa quarters of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) reported two Chikungunya outbreaks. CHIKV was the main contributing factor in the first outbreak; however, during the second outbreak, evidence confirmed possibility of co-infections between CHIKV and Plasmodium falciparum (Pastorino et al. 2004). Malaria is a parasitic infection, of the Apicomlexa phylum, that mainly infects hosts red blood cells. It is transmitted by Anopheles species, whereas CHIKV is mainly transmitted by Aedes species. Plasmodium falciparum is one of the four species of Human Malaria (including Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale). However, Plasmodium falciparum is the most severe form of Malaria (Cook and Zumla 2009). Pastorino et al. (2004) hypothesised that co-infections could be due to long term latency of Plasmodium falciparum, the presence of both transmission vectors in the area or the pathogens sharing the same vec tors. An experimental investigation by Yadav et al. (2003 as cited by Pastorino et al. 2004) demonstrated that urban Anopheles stephensi (Plasmodium falciparum vector) could transmit CHIKV. Lack of Research We are still in the preliminary stages of understanding the interaction between CHIKV and host immunity (Kam et al. 2009), despite increasing number of reported outbreaks, there are insufficient evidences of up-to-date quality research (Panning et al. 2008). Therefore, outbreaks should be utilised to implement entomological and epidemiological system in improving our poor knowledge of the virus (Pialoux et al. 2007). Chretien and Linthicum (2007) argued that the Italian outbreak should provide opportunities for developed countries to strengthen the public-health system of developing countries in order to reduce the worldwide spread of outbreaks. These can be done by implementing Entomological and Virological surveillance in Aedes albopictus infested areas (Charell et al. 2008). Renault et al. (2007) utilised Deltamethrin insecticides to eradicate adult mosquitoes, whereas Rezza et al. (2007) utilised synergised pyrethrins. Furthermore, both authors utilised the biological larvicide, Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, to destroy breeding sites (Renault et al. 2007, Rezza et al. 2007); however, Renault et al. (2007) later utilised Fenitrothion and temephos. Other control measures include educating the community on personal protection (Ratsitorahina et al. 2008). Although, no commercial vaccine has been approved, several candidates have been tested including the Formalin inactivated CHIKV vaccine for the Indian strain, DRDE-06, ECSA genotype (Tiwari et al. 2009). Therefore, the author believes that future outbreaks can be avoided if more research on CHIKV is undertaken, and a worldwide surveillance system is implemented. Conclusion This review has demonstrated that tourism is one of the main methods of CHIKV distributions worldwide, as it was the reason of several outbreaks. CHIKV was transported throughout the Southwestern Indian Ocean islands by viraemic tourists visiting different islands (Figure 2) and Kerala, India, which was then imported into Italy (Renault et al. 2007, Rezza et al. 2007, Sissoko et al. 2008, Yoosuf et al. 2008). However, outbreaks require temperatures above 20oC and annual rainfall over 500mm to maintain Aedes mosquitoes populations (Straetemans 2008, Tilson et al. 2009). Therefore, England is one of the least at risk country, as Aedes albopictus is not present, and the temperature is unfavourable to maintain mosquitoes life cycle (HPA 2007, Met Office 2010). Countries such as France and Italy are at high risk, due to the presence of Aedes albopictus and the introduction of CHIKV; although, Italy is the most at risk due to a recent outbreak (Krastinova et al. 2006, Rezza et al. 2007). T he eminent climatic changes could result in rising temperatures and increased rainfall that would favour the establishment of Aedes albopictus worldwide. All these emphasises the need for Western medicine to plan for future CHIKV outbreaks, by implementing a worldwide surveillance system in order to monitor outbreaks and to perform vector control measures (Charell et al. 2008). Chikungunya have concurrence with Malaria and Dengue Fever (Leroy et al. 2009, Ratsitorahina et al. 2008); furthermore, evidence suggests wrong classification of Chikungunya due to its resemblance to Dengue fever. CHIKV is constantly mutating, thus constant development of a new vaccine is required (Tiwari et al. 2009). Thereby, further researches are needed.